George is a 70-year-old male who has been booked for vascular surgery to his abdomen and right leg due to a history of peripheral vascular disease. This is a narrowing of arteries through plaque deposits caused by multiple factors including smoking, diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, diet and weight (Circulation Foundation, 2023). Due to this disease George takes multiple blood thinners to avoid blood clots, which may include common drugs described by Salonia, (2008) as clopidogrel, warfarin and aspirin.

George is also on regular analgesia (Co-codamol) due to the blockage in his femoral artery, which causes pain due to limited perfusion to his lower limbs. Additionally, because of his pain he has limited mobility.